（2015全国1）Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France‘s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the ―talking cure‖. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn‘t always easy. They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session-care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. ―You are forbidden to say ‗one feels,‘ or ‗people think‘,‖Lehane told them. ―Say ‗I think,‘ ‗Think me‘.‖
A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn‘t seem more un-French. But Lehanne‘s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It‘s trying to help the city‘s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle-longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation‘s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope? A. Learn a new subject B. Keep in touch with friends. C. Show off their knowledge. D. Express their true feelings.
33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes? A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay open for longer hours. C. They have bigger night crowds. D. They start to serve fast food. 34. What are theme cafes expected to do? A. Create more jobs. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business. D. Serve the neighborhood.
35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris? A. They bring people true friendship. B. They give people spiritual support. C. They help people realize their dreams. D. They offer a platform for business links.
（2015全国2）More student than ever cefore are taking a gap-year (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the ―year off‖ between school and university.The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put
off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by University and College Admissions Serbice(UCAS).
That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins
from UCAS asid that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. ―Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be stisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible,‖ he said.
But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of
Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student had ship – young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. ―New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and
More students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the
degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods,‖he said.
29. What do we learn about the gap year from the text? A. It is flexible in length. B. It is a time for relaxation.
C. It is increasingly popular. D. It is required by universities.
30. According to Tony Higgins,students taking a gap year______. A.arc better prepared for college studies B.know a lot more about their future jobs C.are more likely to leave university in debt D.have a better chance to enter top universities
31. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon? A. He's puzzled. B. He's worried. C. He's surprised. D. He's annoyed.
32. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics? A.Attend additional courses. B. Make plans for the new term. C.Earn money for their education. D.Prepaer for their graduate studies.
（2015福建）Food festivals around the world Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include checsc rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four,dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes , roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane. Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors arc served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese. Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common
addiction—food that is not just spicy ,but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Eood and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three clays every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure—if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina—The World's Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bunol hosts Ea Tomatina—the world's largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
The battle lasts little more than half an hour, in which time around 50,000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves, runs, or fights back. Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much-needed wash! 56. In the Stilton cheese rolling competition, competitors on each team must __ .
A. wear various formal clothes
B. roll a wooden cheese in their own lane C. kick or throw their cheese
D. use a real cheese weighing about four kilos 57. Where is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival held?
A. In New Mexico. B. In the Caribbean. C. In Australia. 58. The celebration of La Tomatina lasts __________ .
A. three days B. seven days C. less than three days D. more than seven days 59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine. B.More than 10,000 Chinese take pail in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. C. Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. D. An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
D. In China.
（2015广东）It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
One unchanging aspect of a British person's class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A study of British accents during 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice, Most people said this accent sounded 'educated' and 'soft'. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional（地区的）city accents. These accents were seen as 'common' and 'ugly'. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.
In recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song 'Common People' puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may 'want to live like common people' they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.
41. A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain ________.
A. it is time to end class distinction B. most people belong to middle class C. it is easy to recognize a person‘s class D. people regard themselves socially different
42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. variety
B. most people belong to middle class C. authority D. qualification
43. The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as _________.
A. regional B. educated C. prejudiced D. unattractive
44. British attitudes towards accent _________.
A. have a long tradition B. are based on regional status C. are shared by the Americans D. have changed in recent years 45. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The middle class is expanding B. A person‘s accent reflects his class C. Class is a key part of British society D. Each class has unique characteristics.
（2015四川） Across Britain,burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers,But,according to a new study,we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.
Mothers have long known that their home worked was just heavy as paid work.Now,the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours,they would earn as much as＄172,000 a year.
The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do,as well as the hours they are working,to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income ＄3000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
By analysing the numbers,it found the average mother works 119 hours a week,40 of which
would usually be paid at a standard rate 79 hours as overtime.After questioning 1,000 mothers with children under 18,it found that ,on mmost days,mums started their routine work at 7am and finished at around 11pm.
To calculate just how much mothers would earn from that labour,it suggested some of the roles that mums could take on,including housekeeper,part-time lawyer,personal trainer and entertainer.being a prt-time laeyer,at ＄48.98 an hour,would prove to be the most profitable of the ―mum jibs‖,with psychologist（心理学家）a close second.
It also asked mothers about the challenges they face,with 80 percent making emotional（情感的） emand as the hardest thing about motherhood.
Over a thord of mums felt they needed more training angd around half said they missed going out with friends.
The study shoes mothers marter all year long and not just on,Mother‘s Day.The emotional,physical and mental energy mothers devote to their chilren can be necer-ending,but children are alos sources of great joy and happiness.Investing（投入）in time for parenting and raising relationships is money well spent.
38.How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister? A.￡30,000. B.￡142,000. C.￡172,000. D.￡202,000. 39.The biggest challenge for most mothers is from . A.emotional demand B.low pay for work C.heavy workload D.lack of training 40.What is stressed in the last paragraph?
A.Mothers‘importance shows in family all year long. B.The sacrifices mothers make are huge but worhwhile. C.Mothers‘devotion to children can hardly be calculated. D.Investing time in parenting would bring a financial return. 41.What can we conclude from the study?
A.Mothers‘working hours should be largely reduced. B.Mothers should balance their time for work and rest. C.Mothers‘labour is of a higher value than it is realised.
D.Mothers should be freed from housework for social life.
（2015四川）No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a
new study suggests they used a little rock‗n‘roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.
―Technically, I think what they‘re proposing is possible,‖ physicist Daniel Bonn said. People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And htere‘s no
obvious answer. On average, each of the two mollion big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians smehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workes slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many
scientists suspect wokers first would haveput the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.
Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Resrarchers found small amounts of fat, as well as
a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However , physicist Joseph West think there might have been a simpler way , led the new study . West said , ―I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction . I thought , ‗Why don‘t they just try rolling the things ? ‗ ‖ A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides , he realized . That , he notes , should make a block of stone ―a lot easier to roll than a square‖.
So he tried it.
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block.That
action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they
could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.
West hasn‘t tested his idea on larger blocks,but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over
sliding.At least,workers woldn‘t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths. 46.It‘s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______.
A.rolling them on roads B.pushing them over the sand C.sliding them on smooth paths D.dragging them on some poles
47.The underlined part ―lubricated the paths‖ in Paragraph 4 means____.
A.made the path wet B.made the path hard C.made the path wide D.made the path slippery
48.What does the underlined word ―it‖in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A.Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B.Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C.Rolling poles to move the blocks. D.rolling the blocks with fat.
49. Why is rolling better than sliding according to West ? A. Because more force is needed for sliding. B. Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle. C. Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous. D. Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling. 50. What is the text mainly about ?
A. An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site. B. An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site. C. An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site. D. An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
（2015重庆）In ancient Egypt, a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his
lead,with more tactics（策略）.
One tactic involves where to display the goods. Foe example, stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food（垃圾食品）later in their trip. In department stores, section is generally next to the women‘s cosmetics(化妆品) section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe, bored customers are likely to wander over cosmetics they might want to try later.
Besides, businesses seek to appeal to customers‘ senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping, they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods, too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wine went up.
When it comes to the selling of houses, businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decision in the first few second upon walking in the door, and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house, the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows, and then the poll through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.
40.Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section? A. To save customers times.
B. To show they are high quality foods. C. To help sell junk food. D. To sell them at discount prices.
41.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following encourages customers to buy? A. Opening the store early in the morning. B. Displaying British wines next to French ones. C. Inviting customers to play music.
D. Filling the store with the smell of fresh bread.
42.What is the California builder‘s story intended to prove? A. The house structure is a key factor customers consider.
B. The more costly the house is, the better it sells. C. An ocean view is much to the customers‘ taste. D. A good first impression increases sales. 43.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers. B. To introduces how businesses have grown from the past. C. To report researches on customer behavior. D. To show dishonest business practices.
（2015安徽）Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
72. According to the passage, sharing bread______. A. indicates a lack of food
B. can help to develop unity
C. is a custom unique to rural areas D. has its roots in birthday celebrations
73. What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year? A. Trust.
B. Success.
C. Health.
D. Togetherness.
74. The author explains the role of food in celebrations by______. A. using examples
B. making comparisons D. describing processes
C. analyzing causes
75. What is the passage mainly about? A. The custom of sharing food.
B. The specific meaning of food. D. The importance of food in culture.
C. The role of food in ceremonies.
（2015浙江）From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source ot possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they \"know\" all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.
One day soon after school had started, I said to them, \"Now I'm going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of
books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, that's enough for me. Also I‘m not going to ask you what words mean. \"
The children sat stunned and silent. Was this a teacher talking? One girl, who had just come to us from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had finished. Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, Mr Holt, do you reallymean that?\" I said just as seriously, \"I mean every word of it.
During the spring she really astonished me. One day, she was reading at her desk, From a glimpse of the illustrations I thought I knew what the book was.I said to myself,\"It can't be,\" and
went to take a closer look. Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick , in edition with woodcuts.I said, \"Don't you find parts of it rather heavy going?\" She answered, Oh,sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part. \"
This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is,an exciting, joyous adventure. Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited,picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of \"understanding\" that can be dug out of a book.
41. According to the passage, children's fear and dislike of books may result from . A. B. C. D.
reading little and thinking little reading often and adventurously being made to read too much being made to read aloud before others
.
B. for knowledge
D. for higher scores in exams
2. The teacher told his students to read A. for enjoyment C. for a larger vocabulary
43. Upon hearing the teacher's talk, the children probably felt that. A. it sounded stupid B. it was not surprising at all C. it sounded too good to be true
D. it was no different from other teachers' talk
44. Which of the following statements about the girl is TRUE according to the passage?
A. She skipped over those easy parts while reading. B. She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks. C. She learned to appreciate some parts of the difficult books. D. She turned out to be a top student after coming to this school. 45. From the teacher's point of view, .
A. children cannot tell good parts from bad parts while reading B. children should be left to decide what to read and how to read C. reading is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in school D. reading involves understanding every little piece of information
(2015陕西)Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of prenatal involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child's class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic. The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their children's education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.
Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, \"I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents' help with homework.\" Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task.\" They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but they're still offering advice.\"
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant. Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because \"children with good academic success do have involved parents his did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success.\" A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives.\"
58. The underlined expression \"parental involvement \" in Paragraph 1 probably means . A. parents' expectation on children's health B. parents' participation in children's education C. parents' control over children's life D. parents' plan for children's future
59.What is the major finding of Robinson's study ?
A. Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way. B. Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging. C. Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected. D. Parents are not able to help with children‘s homework.
60. The example of Asian-American parents implies that parents should . A. help children realize the importance of schooling B. set a specific life goal for their children C. spend more time improving their own lives D. take a more active part in school management
（2015江苏）
Freedom and Responsibility
Freedom‘s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
In Greece, in Athens (雅典), a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.
The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.
But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian‘s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her
citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again. But, ― the excellent becomes the permanent,冶 Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to: ― The capacity (能 力 ) of mankind for self-government.冶 No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man‘s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime. 65. What does the underlined word ― tyrannies冶 in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Countries where their people need help. B. Powerful states with higher civilization. C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D. Governments ruled with absolute power. 66. People believing in freedom are those who . A. regard their life as their own business B. seek gains as their primary object C. behave within the laws and value systems D. treat others with kindness and pity
67. What change in attitude took place in Athens? A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility. B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government. D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.
68. What does the sentence ― There could be only one result.冶 in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Athens would continue to be free. B. Athens would cease to have freedom. C. Freedom would come from responsibility. D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence. 69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison? A. The author is hopeful about freedom. B. The author is cautious about self-government. C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization. D. The author is proud of man‘s capacity. 70. What is the author‘s understanding of freedom? A. Freedom can be more popular in the digital age. B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age. C. Freedom should have priority over responsibility. D. Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.
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